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The Todt Organisation ((ドイツ語:Organisation Todt), ''OT'') was a Third Reich civil and military engineering group in Germany named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organization was responsible for a huge range of engineering projects both in pre-World War II Germany, in Germany itself and occupied territories from France to the Soviet Union during the war. It became notorious for using forced labour. The history of the organisation falls fairly neatly into three phases: * A pre-war period from 1933–38 during which Todt's primary office was that of General Inspector of German Roadways (''Generalinspektor für das deutsche Straßenwesen'') and his primary responsibility the construction of the ''Autobahn'' network. The organisation was able to draw on "conscripted" (i.e. compulsory) labour, from within Germany, through the Reich Labour Service (''Reichsarbeitsdienst'', RAD). * The period from 1938, when the OT proper was founded, until February 1942, when Todt died in a plane crash. During this period (1940) Todt was named Minister for Armaments and Munitions (''Reichminister für Bewaffnung und Munition'') and the projects of the OT became almost exclusively military. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was met by a series of expansions of the laws on compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e., effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state: ''Zwangsarbeit''.〔''Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des Kräftebedarfs für Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung'' of October 15, 1938 (''Notdienstverordnung''), ''RGBl''. 1938 I, Nr. 170, S. 1441–43; ''Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des Kräftebedarfs für Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung'' of February 13, 1939, ''RGBl''. 1939 I, Nr. 25, S. 206f.; ''Gesetz über Sachleistungen für Reichsaufgaben (Reichsleistungsgesetz)'' of September 1, 1939, ''RGBl''. 1939 I, Nr. 166, S. 1645–54. (''RGBl'' = ''Reichsgesetzblatt'', the official organ for he publication of laws. ) For further background, see (''Die Ausweitung von Dienstpflichten im Nationalsozialismus'' ), a working paper of the ''Forschungsprojekt Gemeinschaften'', Humboldt University, Berlin, 1996–99.〕 From 1938–40, over 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940–42, Organization Todt began its reliance on Gastarbeitnehmer (guest workers), Militärinternierte (military internees), Zivilarbeiter (civilian workers), Ostarbeiter (Eastern workers) and Hilfswillige ("volunteer") POW workers. * The period from 1942 until the end of the war, when Albert Speer succeeded Todt in office and the OT was absorbed into the (renamed and expanded) Ministry for Armaments and War Production (''Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion''). Approximately 1.4 million labourers were in the service of the Organisation. Overall, 1% were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were concentration camp prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and compulsory labourers from occupied countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of a ruthless totalitarian state. Many did not survive the work or the war. ==1933–38: Autobahn construction== The Autobahn concept did not originate with the Nazis but had its beginnings in the efforts of a private consortium, the ''HaFraBa (Verein zur Vorbereitung der Autostraße Hansestädte-Frankfurt-Basel)'', founded in 1926 for the purpose of building a high-speed highway between Northern Germany and Basel, in Switzerland. With a decree establishing a ''Reichsautobahnen'' project for an entire network of highways, issued on 27 June 1933, Adolf Hitler made it a vastly more ambitious public project and that responsibility rested on Fritz Todt's shoulders as the newly named Inspector General of German Roadways.〔(''Gesetz über die Errichtung eines Unternehmens Reichsautobahnen'' ) . Note that “law” is the literal translation of the German term, “''Gesetz''”, used in the text of this (and other) laws of the period. Given, however, that by this date legislative power had already been transferred to the executive (i.e. Hitler), primarily by means of the "authorization law" of 23 March 1933 (''Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich''), this, and all other legislation of the Third Reich, was effectively a purely executive order, i.e. a decree (''Erlass'').〕 By 1934,Todt had succeeded in elevating his office to near cabinet rank. Todt was, however, also an extremely capable administrator and had, by 1938, built more than of roadway. The ''Autobahn'' project became one of the show pieces of the Nazi regime. In that period Todt had also put together the administrative core of what would properly speaking become the Organisation Todt. Initially, the ''Autobahn'' project relied on the open labour market as a source of workers. Germany was at this time still recovering from the effects of the Great Depression and there was no shortage of available labour. As the economy recovered and the supply of labour became a more serious issue, the OT was able to draw on conscripted (i.e., compulsory) workers, from within Germany through the Reich Labour Service (''Reichsarbeitsdienst'', RAD) from 1935. As per the law of 26 June 1935, all male Germans between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to perform six months of state service.〔(''Reichsarbeitsdienstgesetz'' ) 〕 In this period the work was compensated, at a rate slightly greater than that of unemployment support. The working conditions of the labour force would change drastically for the worse over the course of the following ten years.〔For additional general background on the ''Autobahn'' project, see Walter Brummer, (''Zur Geschichte der Autobahn'' ). 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Organisation Todt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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